Aluminum

Symbol AlAtomic number 13
Atomic mass
26.9815
Thermal conductivity
2.37
Atomic radius
1.82
Covalent radius
1.18
Density
2.70
Atomic volume
10.0
Melting point
933.52
Oxidation states
3
Boiling point
2740
Stable isotopes
1
Heat of vapor.
293.4
Electronegativity
1.61
Heat of fusion
10.79
First ionization
5.986
Specific heat
0.90
Electrical conduct.
35.5
Electron configuration

General descriptionNuclear data
Index

Periodic Table

Chemistry concepts
 
HyperPhysicsR Nave
Go Back





Aluminum

Aluminum is an abundant, light, and strong metal which has found many uses. The main drawback to its use is the large amount of energy necessary to refine it from its common ore, bauxite. The recycling of aluminum scrap metal saves over 90% of the energy required to separate aluminum from bauxite.

Aluminum is only about one third as dense as iron, but some of its alloys, such as duraluminum are as strong as mild steel. Duraluminum is formed from 94.3% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5% manganese, 0.5% magnesium, and 0.7% silicon. While much stronger than pure aluminum, this alloy is less resistant to corrosion and is often clad with pure aluminum.

Because of its lightness and strength, aluminum is used widely in aircraft construction. It has high electrical conductivity, 80% of that of copper, and is used in place of copper in large electrical conductors. Its drawback there is its tendency to oxidize at contacts, requiring the use of contacts coated with an antioxidant.

Aluminum is a very active metal, a fact often disguised by the fact that it rapidly forms barrier oxide layers on exposed surfaces, inhibiting its interaction. When strongly heated it burns rapidly in air, and in the form of a fine dust is explosive.

Aluminum is one of the big 8 elements in the Earth's crust, being the third most abundant element at about 8.1% by weight. It is a constituent of the class of silicates called feldspars, which are the most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust. It is also a constituent of mica. One aluminum silicate mineral is pyrophyllite, AlSi2O5(OH). Aluminum combines with other metals in many silicates, e.g., manganese in spessartine, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3. Some aluminum silicates, like zunyite , contain fluorine and chlorine. One aluminum silicate, Al2SiO4 (F,OH)2, forms the gem mineral topaz. A silicate with potassium , KAlSi3O8, forms the mineral microcline, which can be apple green to brown in color. A silicate with calcium, zoisite forms blue gems. The aluminum silicate kyanite forms blue crystals which can be of gem quality. Other lithium aluminum silicates are spodumene, LiAlSi2O9 and petalite, LiAlSi4O10.

Aluminum oxide, Al2O3, is called alumina and occurs in nature as the mineral corundum. Corundum and impure corundum called emery are used in making abrasive cloths and wheels. Pure corundum is colorless, but the addition of a small impurity of chromic oxide can make the precious stone ruby (red) and the addition of titanium oxide can make sapphire (blue and other colors). Another oxide of aluminum is diaspore, AlO(OH).

Aluminum along with magnesium form the oxide mineral spinel. Aluminum with zinc forms the oxide mineral gahnite. Aluminum with boron and fluorine form the oxide (borate) Jeremejevite.

One aluminum phosphate mineral is variscite, AlPO4.2H2O, which exhibits an apple green color and is popular as an ornamental stone. An aluminum phosphate with fluorine content is Wavellite. Another phosphate mineral of aluminum with sodium is Brazilianite, which can also be of gem quality. Aluminum appears with magnesium and iron in the phosphate lazulite . Phosphates of aluminum and iron are vauxite and paravauxite. A phosphate of aluminum and sodium is Wardite.

Aluminum sulfate is used in water purification. It is also used as a mordant in the dying of cloth. A mordant fixes the dye to the cloth, rendering it insoluble.

Aluminum has excellent reflective properties and is widely used in evaporated coatings for the manufacture of mirrors.

Atomic dataNuclear data
Index

Periodic Table

Chemistry concepts

Reference
Pauling
Ch. 26

Schad
Ch. 15
 
HyperPhysicsR Nave
Go Back







Aluminum Nuclear Data

Z
A
Atomic
Mass (u)
Nuclear
Mass(GeV/c2
Binding
Energy(MeV)
Spin
Natural
Abund.
Half-life
Decay
Q
MeV
13
26
25.986892
24.2002
211.90
5
...
.71My
b+
4.01
13
27
26.981539
25.1267
224.95
5/2
1.00
stable
...
...
13
29
28.980446
26.9887
242.12
5/2
...
6.5m
b+
3.68

The aluminum isotope 26Al has gotten some attention because of the indirect evidence that it was present in the formation of the Allende meteorite.

Atomic data
Index

Periodic Table

Chemistry concepts

Reference
Rohlf
 
HyperPhysicsR Nave
Go Back